دسته: تغییر اقلیم

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Coping with Drought and Climate Change Project

چکیده:

This report presents the “without project” scenario for the GoZ-UNDP/GEF project, “Coping with Drought and Climate Change” focusing on Chiredzi district. The study was commissioned by the Environmental Management Agency in collaboration with UNDP from September – October 2008.
A combination of primary and secondary data was used to determine the “without project” scenario. In-depth household questionnaires, focus group discussions and key informant interviews were the tools used for primary data collection covering a sample of 102 households across 4 wards in Chiredzi district. Indicator selection was informed by the project log frame and literature review.

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Climates Multiple: Three Baselines, Two Tolerances, One Normal

چکیده:

The term ‘normal’ was first introduced into meteorology in 1840 by the Prussian physicist Heinrich Dove in his monograph on temperature variations around the world (Landsberg, 1955). For Dove, the normal climate of a location was to be described through the averaging of long series of regular meteorological observations. This practice slowly gained acceptance through the later nineteenth century, but it was not until 1935, at their meeting in Warsaw, that the International Meteorological Organisation (IMO) formally agreed that the 30-year period 1901-1930 should be used worldwide for computing climatic normals (IMO, 1937). This ‘normal’ was superseded in the 1960s by the adoption of 1931-1960 as the standard WMO normal, in turn replaced in the 1990s by the period 1961-1990.

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Climate change knowledge and social movement theory

چکیده:

This article discusses climate change knowledge from the perspective of social movement theory, a relatively neglected topic in the literature on climate change knowledge. This article reviews relevant studies and theories of social movements with special attention to the role of knowledge-making in social movements, before tracing the relations between social movements and climate change knowledge from the 1970s to the present. Climate change first emerged as an issue of public concern within the context of the environmental movements of the 1970s and 1980s, while skepticism was shaped, in significant ways, by the neo-conservative and neonationalist movements that grew to political significance in the 1980s and 1990s.
The neo-liberal movements of the 1990s and 2000s have helped shape the recent rise to public attention of climate change as an overarching political problem. Finally, this article discusses how concerns with ‘climate justice’ have emerged as part of a social movement for global justice, and concludes by contrasting the different social movements that have affected and influenced the making of climate change knowledge.

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Assessment of the Economic Impact of Climate Change on CARICOM Countries

چکیده:

The purpose of this report is to assess the potential economic impact of climate change on the CARICOM countries — Antigua & Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, St. Kitts, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad & Tobago. It develops estimates of potential economic impacts due to climate change in the absence of adaptation actions. The study had a very tight schedule and limited budget and so was limited to economic impacts that could be estimated from readily available existing studies. No original research or data collection was undertaken.
To be meaningful an estimate of the potential economic impact of climate change must relate to a specific climate change scenario. However, future changes to the climate in the Caribbean are uncertain. To address this uncertainty, two climate change scenarios — a “low case” and a “high case” — are specified. Climate change has numerous consequences that can have economic impacts. The potential economic impacts due to climate change are summarized in Chapter 3.

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?WHAT IS THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT AND HOW IS IT BEING ALTERED BY HUMAN ACTIVITIES

چکیده:

The term greenhouse effect describes the role of certain atmospheric gases (such as carbon dioxide, water vapor, methane, and others) in trapping heat that radiates from Earth’s surface after it has been heated by the Sun. The term greenhouse effect compares these atmospheric gases to the glass panels of a greenhouse, which lets sunlight in, isolates warm air, and impedes the loss of heat. Although the greenhouse effect is a natural and beneficial process, it has gotten a bad name because greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide and methane, are increasing as a result of human activities and causing global warming. Human activities that magnify the greenhouse effect and cause global warming include burning petroleum (gasoline and diesel fuel) for transportation, industrialized agriculture (a major source of methane), burning household bio fuels (wood and dung), and deforestation (to clear land for agriculture), all of which release heat-trapping gases into the atmosphere.

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Diagnosis and Challenges of the Argentinean Situation

چکیده:

This report addresses how climate change impacts, enhances and creates new socio-environmental conflicts. It argues that a conflict-sensitive approach in the development and implementation of public policies on climate change issues and the promotion of early-warning systems in this field will allow us to deal more constructively with present conflicts and to prevent future ones. It is divided into two sections: the first section analyses the links between climate change impacts and socio-environmental conflicts, and the second includes suggestions on reducing the impacts of climate change, by using a comprehensive, cross-sector and interdisciplinary approach.

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Climate change & human health: Impact & adaptation issues for New Zealand

چکیده:

Adaptation to climate change is important and necessary because climate change is already happening and substantial impacts in the future are inevitable. Successful adaptation will require individual as well as collective action at the community, national and international level in order to reduce the direct and indirect impacts on health. This paper briefly summarises the likely impacts of climate change on health, globally, but focuses on adaptive measures that might be undertaken in New Zealand.
Climate change will have a wide variety of health impacts; many are predictable but some not. Higher maximum temperatures will lead to water shortages, occupational health concerns for outdoor workers, increased heat related deaths and illnesses, and contribute to an extended range of some pest and disease vectors. In some areas, there will be increased droughts leading to forest fires, increasing hospital admissions, while in other areas more intense rainfall will lead to mudslides, flooding and contaminated water supplies. More intense weather events are likely to increase the risk of infectious disease epidemics and the erosion of low-lying and coastal land. Indirect effects of climate change, such as mental health problems, are likely to occur from economic instability and forced migration.

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