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Coping with Drought and Climate Change Project

چکیده:

This report presents the “without project” scenario for the GoZ-UNDP/GEF project, “Coping with Drought and Climate Change” focusing on Chiredzi district. The study was commissioned by the Environmental Management Agency in collaboration with UNDP from September – October 2008.
A combination of primary and secondary data was used to determine the “without project” scenario. In-depth household questionnaires, focus group discussions and key informant interviews were the tools used for primary data collection covering a sample of 102 households across 4 wards in Chiredzi district. Indicator selection was informed by the project log frame and literature review.

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Sustaining production and strengthening the agritourism product: Linkages among Michigan agritourism destinations

چکیده:

In advanced industrialized countries, small farmers have been challenged by changing economic and social conditions such as increased global competition, falling commodity prices, and capital- and technology intensive agricultural production. This paper will first discuss agricultural restructuring and the focus on agritourism as a strategy that enables farmers to retain land in production. Then, it will discuss barriers to agritourism development, which are rooted in small farmers’ commodity production orientation, and the problematic transition to selling differentiated attractions or experiences. Finally, using focus groups of Michigan agritourism operators, this paper will illustrate the informational and purchasing linkages among producers that help to overcome these barriers. These linkages bolster agritourism, which faces competition from both leisure and food purchase alternatives and from competing land uses. They also support a dedicated core of agritourism operators who produce the goods, services, and landscapes needed to further Michigan’s image as an agritourism destination.

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Defining agritourism: A comparative study of stakeholders’ perceptions in Missouri and North Carolina

چکیده:

Agritourism is not a new phenomenon, it has been recognized world-wide since the early twentieth century (Busby & Rendle, 2000; McKenzie & Wysocki, 2002; Wicks & Merrett, 2003). A set of policies establishing specific guidelines, obligations, and incentives to assist and encourage farmers to diversify their entrepreneurial portfolio through tourism and hospitality services fostered the development of agritourism (Che, Veeck, & Veeck, 2005; Hegarty & Przezborska, 2005; Kizos & Iosifides, 2007; Sonnino, 2004). For example, farmers from countries that are members of the European Union (E.U.) can access the LEADER program that offers grants for the promotion of rural development (Caballe, 1999; Cawley & Gillmor, 2008; European Court of Auditors, 2010, p. 100).

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The perceived benefits of agritourism: The provider’s perspective

چکیده:

The agricultural context in the United States has undergone several structural changes during the past three decades, including an emphasis on the development of different enterprises using existing farm resources (Barbieri, Mahoney, & Butler, 2008; Nickerson, Black, & McCool, 2001). Diversifying a farm to include recreation and leisure activities for visitors, commonly labeled agritourism, is increasingly being adopted in the United States and is suggested to bring a myriad of economic as well as non-economic benefits to farmers, visitors and communities. In this sense, agritourism has been suggested to help family farms remain in business, preserve American agricultural heritage, maximize the productivity of farm resources through their recreational use, and even to improve the economic situation of local communities (Ilbery, 1991; Nickerson et al., 2001; Ollenburg & Buckley, 2007;Veeck, Che, & Veeck, 2006; Wilson, Thilmay, & Watson, 2006).

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A typology for defining agritourism

چکیده:

Understanding any phenomenon requires a basic understanding of its fundamental defining characteristics. However this has yet to be done for agritourism. Comprehensive examination of the literature reveals numerous labels and definitions for agritourism based on a variety of characteristics (Table 1). Labels such as agrotourism, farm tourism, farm-based tourism, and rural tourism are often used interchangeably with agritourism and each other (Barbieri & Mshenga, 2008; Roberts & Hall, 2001; Wall, 2000), but have also been used explicitly to denote similar but distinct concepts (Iakovidou, 1997; McGehee & Kim, 2004; Sharpley & Sharpley,1997). The result is a complex and confusing picture, especially when authors do not clarify why they have used one particular term rather than another. For the purposes of clarity and consistency, the term ‘agritourism’ will be used throughout this paper to refer to the range of related labels, concepts and products discussed in the literature as a whole. However we reiterate the argument that agritourism is not synonymous with rural tourism, rather it is a more specific subset of rural tourism as a broader concept (Clarke, 1999; Nilsson, 2002).

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Gender and motivation for agri-tourism entrepreneurship

چکیده:

The last three decades have seen a significant increase in the number of farm families diversifying their on- and offfarm production. A well-established body of literature identifies the reasons for such diversification. These factors include environmental pressures, climate change, a decline in terms of trade in agriculture, low-income elasticities in commodities markets, and over-reliance on raw products.
Government policies have also had an influence as a result of reduction in and loss of government-supported agricultural programs. These and other reasons have induced farm families to explore diversification of farm production in order to maintain family farms (Benjamin, 1994; Bowler, Clarke, Crockett, Ilbery, & Shaw, 1996; Davies & Gilbert, 1992; Doyle & McGehee, 2002; Jennings & Stehlik, 1999; McGehee & Kim, 2004; Weaver & Fennell, 1997; ). For over two decades, agri-tourism has been offered up as one such form of diversification (Bowen, Cox, & Fox, 1991; Cawley, Gillmor, Leavy, & McDonagh, 1995; Embacher, Bramwell, & Lane, 1994; Evans & Ilbery, 1989; Hjalager,1996; Lobo et al., 1999; Oppermann, 1997; Pizam & Poleka, 1980). The definition of agri-tourism utilized in this study is that of Weaver and Fennell (1997, p. 357): ‘‘rural enterprises which incorporate both a working farm environment and a commercial tourism component’’

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Tourism, farming and diversification: An attitudinal study

چکیده:

Farm-based tourism is not a new phenomenon (Busby & Rendle, 2000); indeed, tourism on farms has long been recognised throughout Europe as an identifiable form of rural tourism that, in some cases, dates back over a century (Dernoi, 1983). For example, it has been suggested that up to a quarter of farms in Austria have been ‘receiving tourists for nearly 100 years’ (Hummelbrunner & Miglbauer, 1994) whilst Germany also has a long tradition of farm-based holidays (Oppermann, 1996). At the same time, national policies for the support and development of farm tourism have been in existence in a number of countries for the last half-century. In France, state financial aid to support the redevelopment of redundant farm
buildings into accommodation facilities, or gıˆtes rureaux, was first introduced in 1954, whilst farms in Italy, Germany and Denmark have also long benefited from national support for the development of tourist facilities (Frater, 1983; Nilsson, 2002).

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?Does rural tourism benefit from agriculture

چکیده:

In many rural regions, tourism is accepted as a natural part of the socio-economic fabric juxtaposed with agriculture. It is clear that rural tourism is based on rural amenities; however, it is not clear how it relates to agriculture. Are these inter-relationships of mutual benefit? That is, while rural tourism provides farmers with auxiliary funding to continue their agricultural activity, is the latter an important or even necessary component of rural tourism? Do working farms with rural tourism enjoy economies of scope and run their businesses more efficiently than firms with only a single activity? The purpose of this paper is to analyze the effect of a working farm on the tourism activities within the same firm. The effect can accrue from three possible sources: consumer preference, the production process of the firm and the whole rural ambience, making it necessary to analyze them all.

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The transition from tourism on farms to farm tourism

چکیده:

Farm tourism is not a new phenomenon. Frater (1983) recognized that in certain parts of Europe, it existed as a recognizable activity for over a hundred years; Frater (1982) also identified a number of changes in British agriculture over the last 50 years: a declining labour force, changing farm structure, increased intensification and specialization of farming activities, together with a decline in farm income. The inability to generate sufficient revenue has, in many cases, led farmers to diversify from the agricultural base (Rickard, 1983; Fleischer & Pizam, 1997) and undertake pluriactivity; to this end, Bowler, Clark, Crockett, Ilbery and Shaw (1996) describe a decision-making model for paths of farm business development. Farm tourism has been primarily developed for its economic benefits and represents a symbiotic relationship for areas where neither farming or tourism could be independently justified (Inskeep, 1991); Elson, Steenberg and Wilkinson (1995) add that the two primary concerns of the farmer have been to: generate additional income and provide economic benefits to the local economy. There has been a continuity in farm tourism research since the early 1960s, with key studies by Bull and Wibberley (1976) and Clarke (1996a) who argued that agriculturalists view tourism as a category of farm diversification whereas tourism researchers consider it to be a sector of rural tourism in its own right. 

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گردشگری در نواحی روستایی

چکیده:

توسعه گردشگري در روستاها، گسترش فرصتهاي شغلي، ايجاد درآمد اضافي و فقرزدايي را در مناطق روسـتايي بـه ارمغـان مـي آورد، و مزاياي فرهنگي و زيست – محيطي نيز به دنبال دارد، اما همواره خلأ برنامه ريزي كار آمد، در سياست هاي توسعه روستايي براي فراهم آوري، يا يك پارچه كردن گردشگري، احساس مي شود. هـدف ايـن پـژوهش، امكـان سـنجي توسـعه گردشـگري در نـواحي روستايي بخش كرگانرود شهرستان تالش بـوده و روش تحقيـق، توصـيفي – تحليلـي اسـت. دادههـاي تحقيـق از طريـق پرسشـنامه و مستندات آماري و نقشه اي حاصل شده است. از آن جا كه در مورد تعداد گردشگراني كه سالانه به بخش كرگانرود وارد مـي شـوند، هيچ گونه آماري در دسترس نيست، براي اين منظور، طي چند مرحله در فصل گردشگري(تابستان و عيد نوروز) تعداد 70 پرسشـنامه توسط گردشگران تكميل گرديد. نتايج اين پژوهش نشان مي دهد كه بين جاذبـه هـاي طبيعـي و يادمانهـاي تـاريخي، ميـزان پـذيرش گردشگران از سوي مردم بومي و امكان توسعه گردشگري در بخش كرگانرود رابطه معناداري وجود دارد، اما بـين ديگـر جاذبـه هـاي فرهنگي و اجتماعي و امكان توسعه گردشگري در بخش كرگانرود، رابطه معناداري وجود ندارد. به لحاظ اين كه بخـش كرگـانرود از توان جاذبه هاي فرهنگي و اجتماعي برخودار است، مسؤولان و مديران منطقه با به روز كردن اين توانها در توسعه گردشگري منطقـه ميتوانند بسيار مؤثر باشند

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